Dampak Yuridis Implementasi Smart Contract terhadap Prinsip-Prinsip Hukum Perjanjian dalam Perspektif Hukum Perdata Indonesia

Abstrak

The advancement of blockchain technology has introduced smart contracts as self-executing digital agreements operating through computer code. While offering efficiency, transparency, and enhanced security, their implementation raises significant legal questions regarding the foundational principles of contract law within the Indonesian legal system. This study aims to analyze the legal impact of smart contract implementation on conventional contract principles and to identify the emerging legal challenges in practice. This research employs normative legal methodology using statutory and conceptual approaches. Data were collected through library research encompassing primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials and were analyzed using descriptive-qualitative techniques. The findings indicate that smart contracts affect fundamental doctrines such as freedom of contract, consensualism, pacta sunt servanda, good faith, and privity of contract, particularly due to their automated, rigid, and code-based nature. Legal challenges include regulatory uncertainty, technical vulnerabilities, cross-border dispute resolution complexities, and consumer protection issues related to digital standard clauses. The theoretical contribution of this research lies in proposing a conceptual reconstruction of conventional contract principles within a digital legal framework, emphasizing the necessity of harmonizing civil law doctrines with the decentralized characteristics of blockchain technology.